Galileo

It was not until the 16th century that a fully predictive mathematical model of a heliocentric system was presented, by the Renaissance mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic cleric Nicolaus Copernicus of Poland, leading to the Copernican Revolution. In the following century, Johannes Kepler elaborated upon and expanded this model to include elliptical orbits, and supporting observations made using a telescope were presented by Galileo Galilei.

It was not until 1838; long after Galileo’s death that Friedrich Bessel was able to prove conclusively that stellar parallax favored the motion of the earth relative to the sun.

Galileo was supported by the Church and promised not to claim Heliocentrism as a fact without supporting  evidence. This was important because it would cause tension in the dialogue with fundamentalists who took literally the bible account of creation. The charge was not concerned with the theory being non-biblical but rather that Galileo violated his pledge, did not present any evidence and ridiculed those who had supported him. He was ordered under house arrest but in fact was allowed to move about freely and continue his work.